Use of X-rays to study the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline substances such as ceramics, stone, sediments, and weathering products on metals. The sample, as a single crystal or ground to powder, is exposed to X-rays at various angles; the diffraction patterns produced are then compared with reference standards for identification.
The cog-wheel and rice plant stand for industry and agriculture. The stars represent the 14 states. Blue symbolizes peace. Red denotes courage. Effective date: 4 January 1974.