Austrian physician, an early experimenter in hypnosis, which was formerly (and popularly) called mesmerism after him.
He claimed to reduce people to trance state by consciously exerted animal magnetism, their willpower being entirely subordinated to his. Expelled by the police from Vienna, he created a sensation in Paris in 1778, but was denounced as a charlatan in 1785.
Orange represents courage and sacrifice. White represents truth, purity, and peace. Green represents faith, fertility, and chivalry. The emblem is the Ashoka Chakra (‘Wheel of the Law’). Effective date: 22 July 1947.