Epstein, Jacob

US-born British sculptor. Initially influenced by Rodin, he turned to primitive forms after Brancusi and is chiefly known for his controversial muscular nude figures, such as Genesis (1931; Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester). He was better appreciated as a portraitist; his bust of Albert Einstein (1933) demonstrating a characteristic vigorous modelling in clay. In later years he executed several monumental figures, notably the bronze St Michael and the Devil (1959; Coventry Cathedral) and Social Consciousness (1953; Fairmount Park, Philadelphia).

In 1904 he moved to England, where most of his major work was done. An early example showing the strong influence of ancient sculptural styles is the angel of the tomb of Oscar Wilde (1912; Père Lachaise cemetery, Paris), condemned as barbaric for its Assyrian idiom. His sculpture from 1912 to 1913 was harsh and mechanistic, having affinities with Vorticism and the work of such contemporary artists as Amedeo Modigliani and Constantin Brancusi. The modernist and semi-abstract Rock Drill (1913; Tate Gallery, London) originally incorporated a real drill.