French general and politician. A member of the National Convention in the French Revolution, he organized the armies of the republic. He was war minister 180001 and minister of the interior in 1815 under Napoleon. His work on fortification,
De la Défense de places fortes (1810), became a military textbook. Minister of the interior during the
hundred days, he was proscribed at the restoration of the monarchy and retired to Germany.
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